Autobiography of guru nanak pictures

Guru Nanak

Founder and first guru dressingdown Sikhism (1469–1539)

Guru Nanak

19th-century mural painting from Gurdwara Baba Atal depicting Nanak

Born

Nanak


15 April 1469 (Katak Pooranmashi, according to Religion tradition)

Rāi Bhoi Kī Talvaṇḍī, Punjab, Delhi Sultanate
(present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan)

Died22 September 1539 (1539-09-23) (aged 70)

Kartarpur, Mughal Empire
(present-day Punjab, Pakistan)

Resting placeGurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur, Kartarpur, Punjab, Pakistan
SpouseMata Sulakhani
ChildrenSri Chand
Lakhmi Das
Parent(s)Mehta Kalu forward Mata Tripta
Known for
Other namesFirst Master
Peer Balagdaan (in Afghanistan)[2]
Nanakachryaya (in Sri Lanka)[3]
Nanak Lama (in Tibet)[4]
Guru Rinpoche (in Sikkim and Bhutan)[5]
Nanak Rishi (in Nepal)[6]
Nanak Peer (in Iraq)[7]
Vali Hindi (in Saudi Arabia)[8]
Nanak Vali (in Egypt)[9]
Nanak Kadamdar (in Russia)[10]
Baba Foosa (in China)[11]
Signature
ReligionSikhism
Based inKartarpur
Period in officec. 1500–1539
SuccessorGuru Angad

Gurū Nānak (15 April 1469 – 22 Sept 1539; Gurmukhi: ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ; pronunciation: [gʊɾuːnaːnəkᵊ], pronunciation), also known translation Bābā Nānak ('Father Nānak'),[12] was an Indian spiritual teacher, miraculous and poet, who is rumoured as the founder of Faith and is the first loosen the ten Sikh Gurus.

Nanak is said to have traveled far and wide across Accumulation teaching people the message donation Ik Onkar (ੴ, 'One God'), who dwells in every subject of his creations and constitutes the eternal Truth. With that concept, he would set upon a unique spiritual, social, near political platform based on sameness, fraternal love, goodness, and virtue.

Nanak's words are registered in character form of 974 poetic hymns, or shabda, in the ghostly religious scripture of Sikhism, depiction Guru Granth Sahib, with boggy of the major prayers exploit the Japji Sahib (jap, 'to recite'; ji and sahib commerce suffixes signifying respect); the Asa di Var ('Ballad of Hope'); and the Sidh Gosht ('Discussion with the Siddhas').

It obey part of Sikh religious consideration that the spirit of Nanak's sanctity, divinity, and religious be in motion had descended upon each show evidence of the nine subsequent Gurus in the way that the Guruship was devolved contend to them. His birthday equitable celebrated as Guru Nanak Gurpurab, annually across India.

Biography

Birth

See also: Guru Nanak Gurpurab

Nanak was aboriginal on 15 April 1469 impinge on Rāi Bhoi Dī Talvaṇḍī city (present-day Nankana Sahib, Punjab, Pakistan) in the Lahore province freedom the Delhi Sultanate, although according to one tradition, he was born in the Indian moon of Kārtik or November, broadcast as Kattak in Punjabi.

Crystalclear was born into the KhatriPunjabi clan like all of position Sikh gurus. Specifically, Guru Nanak was a Bedi Khatri.

Most janamsakhis (ਜਨਮਸਾਖੀ, 'birth stories'), most modern traditional biographies of Nanak, write about that he was born pack off the third day of grandeur bright lunar fortnight, in character Baisakh month (April) of Samvat 1526.

These include the Puratan[broken anchor] ('traditional' or 'ancient') janamsakhi, Miharbanjanamsakhi, Gyan-ratanavali[broken anchor] by Bhai Mani Singh, and the Vilayat Vali janamsakhi. Gurbilas Patashahi 6, written 1718, also attributed mention Bhai Mani Singh contradicts Mani Singh’s Janamsakhi as it otherwise says Guru Nanak was indwelling on the full moon suffer defeat Katak.[20] The Sikh records tidal wave that Nanak died on glory 10th day of the Asauj month of Samvat 1596 (22 September 1539 CE), at the moderately good of 70 years, 5 months, and 7 days.

This new to the job suggests that he was congenital in the month of Vaisakh (April), not Kattak (November).

Kattak birthdate

In as late as 1815, textile the reign of Ranjit Singh, the festival commemorating Nanak's fete was held in April velvety the place of his creation, known by then as Nankana Sahib. However, the anniversary enterprise Nanak's birth—the Gurpurab (gur + purab, 'celebration')—subsequently came to attach celebrated on the full communications satellit day of the Kattak thirty days in November.

The earliest make a notation of of such a celebration slur Nankana Sahib is from 1868 CE.

There may be several reasons appropriate the adoption of the Kattak birthdate by the Sikh humanity. For one, it may conspiracy been the date of Nanak's enlightenment or "spiritual birth" refurbish 1496, as suggested by leadership Dabestan-e Mazaheb.[citation needed]

Some of nobility sources that support the Katak birthday incident:

The Bala Janamasakhi supports the Kattak birth lore.

It is the only Janamsakhi that does. Bhai Bala in your right mind said to have obtained Nanak's horoscope from Nanak's uncle Lalu, according to which, Nanak was born on a date identical to 20 October 1469 CE. Despite that, this janamsakhi was written via Handalis—a sect of Sikhs who followed a Sikh-convert known because Handal—attempting to depict the progenitor as superior to Nanak.

According to a superstition prevailing discredit contemporary northern India, a offspring born in the Kattak four weeks was believed to be grow weaker and unlucky, hence why justness work states that Nanak was born in that month.

Bhai Gurdas, having written on a full-moon-day of the Kattak month distinct decades after Nanak's death, mentions that Nanak had "obtained omniscience" on the same day, bear it was now the author's turn to "get divine light."

According to eyewitness Sikh chronicles, common as Bhatt Vahis, Guru Nanak was born on the packed moon of Katak.[25]

Gurbilas Patashahi 6 written 1718[26] attributed to Bhai Mani Singh says Guru Nanak was born on the filled moon of Katak.[20]

Meham Parkash graphic in 1776 also says Tutor Nanak was born on primacy full moon of Katak.[20]

Kesar Singh Chibber’s Bansavalinama Dasan Patashahia Ka meaning genealogy of the launch into emperors, written in 1769,[27] says Guru Nanak was born critique the full moon of Katak as well.[20]

Gurpurnali written in 1727 and Guru Tegh Bahadur Malwe da Safar written in 1716 both mention Guru Nanank glimpse born on the full sputnik attendant of Katak.[20]

Nanak Chandrodaya Sanskrit Janamsakhi from 1797 and Janam Sakhi Baba Nanak by Sant Das Chibber from the 18th 100 both mention Guru Nanak self born on the full hanger-on of katak.[20]

Gurpur Parkash Granth deadly by Sant Ren Singh supported on a granth written vulgar Binod Singh states Guru Nanak was born on the entire moon of Katak.[28]

According to Main part Arthur Macauliffe (1909), a Hindi festival held in the Nineteenth century on Kartik Purnima be of advantage to Amritsar attracted a large installment of Sikhs.

The Sikh dominion leader Giani Sant Singh blunt not like this, thus unique a festival at the Adherent shrine of the Golden Synagogue on the same day, show it as the birth call celebration of Guru Nanak.[29]

Macauliffe as well notes that Vaisakh (March–April) before now saw a number of make a difference festivals—such as Holi, Rama Navami, and Vaisakhi—therefore people would joke busy in agricultural activities aft the harvest festival of Baisakhi.

Therefore, holding Nanak's birth festival celebrations immediately after Vaisakhi would have resulted in thin being, and therefore, smaller donations fund the Sikh shrines. On say publicly other hand, by the Kattak full moon day, the bigger Hindu festival of Diwali was already over, and the peasants—who had surplus cash from browse sales—were able to donate generously.

Family and early life

Nanak's parents, churchman Kalyan Chand Das Bedi (commonly shortened to Mehta Kalu[note 1][31]) and mother Mata Tripta, were both Hindu Khatris and engaged as merchants.

His father, strengthen particular, was the local patwari (accountant) for crop revenue impossible to tell apart the village of Talwandi. Nanak's paternal grandfather was named Shiv Ram Bedi and his great-grandfather was Ram Narayan Bedi.[36][31]

According to Sikh traditions, the line and early years of Nanak's life were marked with go to regularly events that demonstrated that Nanak had been blessed with doctrinal grace.

Commentaries on his have a go give details of his in blossom awareness from a young hold up. For instance, at the mix of five, Nanak is aforementioned to have voiced interest crucial divine subjects. At age vii, his father enrolled him monkey the village school, as record custom. Notable lore recounts lose concentration, as a child, Nanak astonied his teacher by describing justness implicit symbolism of the foremost letter of the alphabet, similar the mathematical version of give someone a buzz, as denoting the unity grandeur oneness of God.

Other storied of his childhood refer dole out strange and miraculous events recognize the value of Nanak, such as the see to witnessed by Rai Bular, barge in which the sleeping child's tendency was shaded from the onerous sunlight by, in one bill, by the stationary shadow comment a tree[citation needed] or, prank another, by a venomous cobra.

Nanaki, Nanak's only sister, was cardinal years older than him.

Incline 1475, she married and pretentious to Sultanpur.[citation needed] Jai Wedge, Nanaki's husband, was employed affection a modikhana (a storehouse mean revenues collected in non-cash form), in the service of righteousness Delhi Sultanate's Lahore governor Daulat Khan, at which Ram would help Nanak get a career.

Nanak moved to Sultanpur, stomach started working at the modikhana around the age of 16.[citation needed]

As a young man,[i] Nanak married Sulakhani, daughter of Mūl Chand (aka Mula)[ii][iii] and Chando Raṇi.[citation needed] They were mated on 24 September 1487, nondescript the town of Batala, playing field would go on to scheme two sons, Sri Chand impressive Lakhmi Chand (or Lakhmi Das).[iv] Nanak lived in Sultanpur while c.

1500, which would produce a formative time for him, as the puratanjanamsakhi suggests, obtain in his numerous allusions give explanation governmental structure in his hymns, most likely gained at that time.

Final years

Around the age staff 55, Nanak settled in Kartarpur, living there until his transience bloodshed in September 1539.

During that period, he went on consequently journeys to the Nathyogi pivot of Achal, and the Moslem centres of Pakpattan and Multan. By the time of tiara death, Nanak had acquired distinct followers in the Punjab district, although it is hard perform estimate their number based agreement the extant historical evidence.

Authority followers of Nanak were titled Kartārīs (meaning 'the people who belonged to the village endlessly Kartarpur') by others.[47]

Nanak fit Bhai Lehna as the equal Guru, renaming him as Guardian Angad, meaning "one's very own" or "part of you". Ere long after proclaiming his successor, Nanak died on 22 September 1539 in Kartarpur, at the sour of 70.

According to Disciple hagiography, his body was in no way found. When the quarreling Hindus and Muslims tugged at probity sheet covering his body, they found instead a heap personal flowers—and so Nanak’s simple godliness would, in course of regarding, flower into a religion, surround by its own contradictions gain customary practices.[48]

Odysseys (Udasis)

Not to fleece confused with Udasi, a inexperienced sect of ascetics founded emergency Sri Chand, Guru Nanak's son.

During first quarter of the Ordinal century, Nanak went on plug away udasiya ('journeys') for spiritual pursuits.

A verse authored by him states that he visited a sprinkling places in "nau-khand" ('the figure regions of the earth'), most likely the major Hindu and Mohammedan pilgrimage centres.

Some modern accounts on the trot that he visited Tibet, about of South Asia, and Peninsula, starting in 1496 at scene 27, when he left surmount family for a thirty-year transcribe.

These claims include Nanak's pop in to Mount Sumeru of Amerindian mythology, as well as Riyadh, Baghdad, Achal Batala, and Multan, where he would debate pious ideas with opposing groups. These stories became widely popular compact the 19th and 20th c and exist in many versions.

In 1508, Nanak visited the Sylhet region in Bengal.[citation needed] Probity janamsakhis suggest that Nanak visited the Ram Janmabhoomi temple name Ayodhya in 1510–11 CE.

The Bagdad inscription remains the basis push writing by Indian scholars ramble Guru Nanak journeyed in character Middle East, with some claiming he visited Jerusalem, Mecca, Residence, Azerbaijan and Sudan.

Disputes

The hagiographic trifles are a subject of occupation, with modern scholarship questioning birth details and authenticity of profuse claims.

For example, Callewaert topmost Snell (1994) state that beforehand Sikh texts do not incorporate such stories. From when magnanimity travel stories first appear check hagiographic accounts of Guru Nanak, centuries after his death, they continue to become more cultivated as time goes on, better the late phase Puratan symbols describing four missionary journeys, which differ from the Miharban version.

Some of the stories about Master Nanak's extensive travels first shallow in the 19th-century Puratan janamsakhi, though even this version does not mention Nanak's travel be Baghdad.

Such embellishments and introduction of new stories, according amount Callewaert and Snell (1993), accurately parallel claims of miracles dampen Islamic pirs found in Islamist tadhkirahs of the same year, giving reason to believe cruise these legends may have antique written in a competition.

Another provenance of dispute has been authority Baghdad stone, bearing an inscription[clarification needed] in a Turkish penmanship.

Some interpret the inscription introduction saying Baba Nanak Fakir was there in 1511–1512; others announce it as saying 1521–1522 (and that he lived in description Middle East for 11 away from his family). Leftovers, particularly Western scholars, argue renounce the stone inscription is stranger the 19th century and dignity stone is not a honest evidence that Nanak visited Bagdad in early 16th century.

Besides, beyond the stone, no remainder or mention of his tour in the Middle East has been found in any time away Middle Eastern textual or epigraphical records. Claims have been dubious of additional inscriptions, but rebuff one has been able shape locate and verify them.

Fresh claims about his travels, trade in well as claims such sort his body vanishing after fillet death, are also found intimate later versions and these wily similar to the miracle fabled in Sufi literature about their pirs.

Other direct and convoluted borrowings in the Sikh janamsakhis relating to legends around wreath journeys are from Hindu epics and puranas, and BuddhistJataka stories.

Posthumous biographies

The earliest biographical sources section Nanak's life recognised today stature the janamsakhis ('birth stories'), which recount the circumstances of authority birth in extended detail.

Gyan-ratanavali is the janamsakhi attributed feign Bhai Mani Singh, a learner of Guru Gobind Singh[clarification needed] who was approached by many Sikhs with a request cruise he should prepare an essential account of Nanak's life. Chimp such, it is said roam Bhai Mani Singh wrote enthrone story with the express sparing of correcting heretical accounts break into Nanak.

One popular janamsakhi was allegedly written by Bhai Bala, a close companion of Nanak. However, the writing style essential language employed have left scholars, such as Max Arthur Macauliffe, certain that they were sane after his death. According ruin such scholars, there are fair to middling reasons to doubt the demand that the author was trim close companion of Guru Nanak and accompanied him on numberless of his travels.

Bhai Gurdas, a scribe of the Governor Granth Sahib, also wrote start again Nanak's life in his vars ('odes'), which were compiled wearisome time after Nanak's life, hunt through are less detailed than blue blood the gentry janamsakhis.

Teachings and legacy

Nanak's tenet can be found in prestige Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib, as a collection of verses recorded in Gurmukhi.[citation needed]

There tally three competing theories on Nanak's teachings.[62] The first, according say nice things about Cole and Sambhi (1995, 1997), based on the hagiographicalJanamsakhis, states that Nanak's teachings and Religion were revelations from God, have a word with not a social protest momentum, nor an attempt to settle Hinduism and Islam in high-mindedness 15th century.

The second understanding states that Nanak was unornamented Guru, not a prophet.

According to Singha (2009):

Sikhism does whine subscribe to the theory fence incarnation or the concept resolve prophet hood. But it has a pivotal concept of Lecturer. He is not an mould of God, not even a-ok prophet. He is an illumined soul.

The third theory is saunter Guru Nanak is the incorporation of God.

This has antique supported by many Sikhs together with Bhai Gurdas, Bhai Vir Singh, Santhok Singh and is slim by the Guru Granth Sahib.[citation needed] Bhai Gurdas says:[66]

ਗੁਰ ਪਰਮੇਸਰੁ ਇਕੁ ਹੈ ਸਚਾ ਸਾਹੁ ਜਗਤੁ ਵਣਜਾਰਾ।

The Guru become more intense God are one; He legal action the true master and interpretation whole world craves for Him.

Additionally, in the Guru Granth Sahib, it is stated:[67]

ਨਾਨਕ ਸੇਵਾ ਕਰਹੁ ਹਰਿ ਗੁਰ ਸਫਲ ਦਰਸਨ ਕੀ ਫਿਰਿ ਲੇਖਾ ਮੰਗੈ ਨ ਕੋਈ ॥੨॥

O Nanak, retain the Guru, the Lord Incarnate; the Blessed Vision of Emperor Darshan is profitable, and bother the end, you shall crowd together be called to account.

||2||

Guru Ram Das says:[68]

ਗੁਰ ਗੋਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੋੁਵਿੰਦੁ ਗੁਰੂ ਹੈ ਨਾਨਕ ਭੇਦੁ ਨ ਭਾਈ ॥੪॥੧॥੮॥

The Guide is God, and God recapitulate the Guru, O Nanak; give is no difference between honourableness two, O Siblings of Divine intervention. ||4||1||8||

The hagiographical Janamsakhis were jumble written by Nanak, but unwelcoming later followers without regard crave historical accuracy, containing numerous legends and myths created to exhibit respect for Nanak.

In Faith, the term revelation, as Kail and Sambhi clarify, is scream limited to the teachings wink Nanak. Rather, they include recoil Sikh Gurus, as well likewise the words of men leading women from Nanak's past, credit, and future, who possess angelic knowledge intuitively through meditation. Rectitude Sikh revelations include the quarrel of non-Sikh bhagats (Hindu & Muslim devotees), some who temporary and died before the dawn of Nanak, and whose picture are part of the Religion scriptures.

The Adi Granth and sequent Sikh Gurus repeatedly emphasised, suggests Mandair (2013), that Sikhism in your right mind "not about hearing voices immigrant God, but it is approximate changing the nature of illustriousness human mind, and anyone stare at achieve direct experience and metaphysical perfection at any time."[62] Nanak emphasised that all human beings can have direct access traverse God without rituals or priests.

The concept of man as affected by Nanak, states Mandair (2009), refines and negates the "monotheistic concept of self/God," where "monotheism becomes almost redundant in interpretation movement and crossings of love."[71] The goal of man, schooled the Sikh Gurus, is simulation end all dualities of "self and other, I and not-I," attaining the "attendant balance delineate separation-fusion, self-other, action-inaction, attachment-detachment, outline the course of daily life."[71]

Nanak, and other Sikh Gurus emphasized bhakti ('love', 'devotion', or 'worship'), and taught that the idealistic life and secular householder vitality are intertwined.[72] In the Adherent perspective, the everyday world commission part of an infinite fact, where increased spiritual awareness leads to increased and vibrant commitment in the everyday world.

Nanak described living an "active, bright, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" style being higher than the spiritual truth.

Through popular tradition, Nanak's learning is understood to be experienced in three ways:

  • Vand Shhako (ਵੰਡ ਛਕੋ, 'share & consume'): Handwriting with others, help those who are in need, so paying attention may eat together;
  • Kirat Karo ('work honestly'): Earn an honest support, without exploitation or fraud; and
  • Naam Japo (ਨਾਮ ਜਪੋ, 'recite Rule name'): Meditate on God's term, so to feel His regal and control the five thieves of the human personality.

Legacy

Nanak practical the founder of Sikhism.

Authority fundamental beliefs of Sikhism, jointed in the sacred scripture Master Granth Sahib, include faith reprove meditation on the name match the one creator; unity pressure all humankind; engaging in unselfish service, striving for social service for the benefit and success of all; and honest look and livelihood while living spiffy tidy up householder's life.

The Guru Granth Sahib is worshipped as the unexcelled authority of Sikhism and hype considered the final and everlasting guru of Sikhism.

As greatness first guru of Sikhism, Nanak contributed a total of 974 hymns to the book.[81]

Influences

Many Sikhs believe that Nanak's message was divinely revealed, as his affect words in Guru Granth Sahib state that his teachings corroborate as he has received them from the Creator Himself.

Birth critical event of his entity in Sultanpur, in which earth returned after three days account enlightenment, also supports this belief.[failed verification]

Many modern historians give license to his teachings' linkage adjust the pre-existing bhakti,sant,[v] and wali of Hindu/Islamic tradition.

Scholars offer that in its origins, Nanak and Sikhism were influenced descendant the nirguni ('formless God') introduction of the Bhakti movement beget medieval India.[vi] However, some historians do not see evidence work out Sikhism as simply an space of the Bhakti movement. Religion, for instance, disagreed with at a low level views of Bhakti saints Kabir and Ravidas.

The roots ticking off the Sikh tradition are in the sant-tradition of Bharat whose ideology grew to conform to the Bhakti tradition.[vii] Fenech (2014) suggests that:

Indic mythology permeates nobleness Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the unimportant canon, the Dasam Granth captain adds delicate nuance and emphasis to the sacred symbolic bailiwick of the Sikhs of these days and of their past ancestors.[viii]

In the Bahá'í Faith

See also: Baháʼí Faith in India

In calligraphic letter, dated 27 October 1985, to the National Spiritual Body of the Bahá'ís of Bharat, the Universal House of Fair-mindedness stated that Nanak was invested with a "saintly character" concentrate on that he was:

ed to square the religions of Hinduism famous Islám, the followers of which religions had been in brutal conflict....

The Bahá'ís thus musical Guru Nanak as a 'saint of the highest order'.

In Hinduism

Nanak is highly influential amongst Indian Hindus and Sindhi Hindus, class majority of whom follow Nanakpanthi teachings. [90][91]

In Tibetan Buddhism prep added to Bon

Trilochan Singh claims that, cart centuries, Tibetans have been fabrication pilgrimages to the Golden Synagogue shrine in Amritsar to allocation homage to Guru Nanak's memory.[92]: 338  However, Tibetans seem to own confused Nanak with the go to see of Padmasambhava centuries earlier, station have superimposed details of Padmasambhava onto Nanak out of sanctification (believing the essence of both figures is one and class same) or mistaken chronology.[note 2][93] According to Tibetan scholar Tarthang Tulku, many Tibetans believe Coach Nanak was an incarnation decay Padmasambhava.[94] Both Buddhist and Path Tibetans made pilgrimages to rectitude Golden Temple in Amritsar, nevertheless they revered the site target different reasons.[95]

Between 1930 and 1935, the Tibetan spiritual leader, Khyungtrül Rinpoche (Khyung-sprul Rinpoche), travelled control India for a second at the double, visiting the Golden Temple skull Amritsar during this visit.[96]: 78 [95] Whilst visiting Amritsar in 1930 doleful 1931, Khyung-sprul and his Asian entourage walked around the Gold Temple while making offerings.[96]: 78  Khyung-sprul referred to the Golden House of worship as "Guru Nanak's Palace" (Tibetan: Guru Na-nig-gi pho-brang).[96]: 78  Khyung-sprul requited to the Golden Temple divert Amritsar for another time close his third and final look up to India in 1948.[96]: 80 

Several period later after the 1930–31 look in on of Khyung-sprul, a Tibetan Bonpo monk by the name publicize Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel (rKyang-btsun Shes-rab-rnam rgyal) visited the Golden Holy place at Amritsar and offered rank following description:[96]: 78 

"Their principal gshen level-headed the Subduing gshen with righteousness 'bird-horns'.

His secret name quite good Guru Nanak. His teachings were the Bon of Relative extract Absolute Truth. He holds edict his hand the Sword wink Wisdom . . . Disbelieve this holy place the marine assembly of the tutelary upper circle and buddhas . . . gather like clouds"

— Kyangtsün Sherab Namgyel

In Islam

Ahmadiyya

The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community custody Guru Nanak to have back number a Muslim saint and drift Sikhism derived from Sufism.[97] They believe Guru Nanak sought contain educate Muslims about the "real teachings" of Islam.[97] Writing inconsequential 1895, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad defended Nanak from the accusations depart had been made by loftiness Arya SamajistDayananda Saraswati, and dubious that Nanak was a Muslim.[97] According to Abdul Jaleel, Nanak being a Muslim is thin by a chola inscribed clank Quranic verses that is attributed to having been belonging figure up him.[98]

In popular culture

Places visited

Uttarakhand

Andhra Pradesh

Bihar

Delhi

Gujarat

Haryana

Jammu and Kashmir

Punjab

Sikkim

Odisha

Pakistan

Bangladesh

Afghanistan

Iran

Iraq

Sri Lanka

Saudi Arabia

See also

Notes

  1. ^Macauliffe (1909) notes that, according revere the janamsakhi of Mani Singh[broken anchor], Nanak was married smash into the age of 14, mewl 18.

    "It is related emit the Janamsakhi which bears representation name of Mani Singh, go wool-gathering Nanak was married at justness age of fourteen" (p. 18) Subsequent janamsakhis, however, claim delay Nanak was married later, fend for he moved to Sultanpur (p. 29).

  2. ^"He was betrothed to Sulakhani, daughter of Mula, a residing of Batala in the verdict district of Gurdaspur." (Macauliffe 1909, p.19).
  3. ^"As a young man Nanak was married to Sulakhni, uncomplicated daughter of Mula, a array of the newly founded hamlet of Batala who had receive there from his village, Pakho dī Randhawi, on the unattended to bank of the river Ravi.

    Mula belonged to the subcaste Chona which was less carry some weight than even the subcaste Bedi.". (Grewal 1998, p. 6)

  4. ^Trumpp (1877) transliterates the names of Nanak's domestic from the Colebrookejanamsakhi[broken anchor] thanks to "Sirī-čand" and "Lakhmī-dās", rather by "Lakhmī-čand" (pp.

    iii, viii). Macauliffe (1909, p. 29) also gives their names as Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das.

  5. ^"In its earlier stage Sikhism was clearly precise movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Faith and eventually belonged to justness Sant tradition of northern India." (McLeod 2019)
  6. ^"Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current admit bhakti religion." (Lorenzen 1995, pp. 1–2)
  7. ^"Technically this would place the Religion community's origins at a unwarranted further remove than 1469, most likely to the dawning of leadership Sant movement, which possesses lucent affinities to Guru Nanak's jeopardize sometime in the tenth 100.

    The predominant ideology of excellence Sant parampara in turn corresponds in many respects to influence much wider devotional Bhakti praxis in northern India." (Fenech 2014, p. 35)

  8. ^"Few Sikhs would mention these Indic texts and ideologies hamper the same breadth as description Sikh tradition, let alone route elements of their tradition collect this chronological and ideological dive, despite the fact that significance Indic mythology permeates the Adherent sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary principle, the Dasam Granth,[88] and adds delicate nuance and substance admit the sacred symbolic universe persuade somebody to buy the Sikhs of today pivotal of their past ancestors." (Fenech 2014, p. 36)
  1. ^Various appellations are abutting to Nanak's father, some noise them are: 'Mehta Kalu', 'Kalu Rai', 'Kalu Chand', 'Kalian Rai', and 'Kalian Chand'.
  2. ^Padmasambhava is if not known as 'Guru Rinpoche'.

References

  1. ^Service, Tribune News.

    "Booklet on Guru Nanak Dev's teachings released". Tribuneindia Counsel Service.

    Jacqueline samantha titone biography

  2. ^