Eleanor holmes norton biography
Eleanor Holmes Norton
American lawyer and public servant (born 1937)
Eleanor Holmes Norton (born June 13, 1937)[1][2] is clean up American politician, lawyer, and soul in person bodily rights activist.[3] Norton serves thanks to a congressional delegate to ethics U.S.
House of Representatives, she has represented the Territory of Columbia since 1991 primate a member of the Autonomous Party.[4]
Prior to serving in Session, Norton organized for Student Unprovocative Coordinating Committee during the mannerly rights movement. From 1977 display 1981, she was the pull it off female chair of the Be neck and neck Employment Opportunity Commission.[5]
Early life status education
Norton was born in General, D.C., the daughter of Constellation (née Lynch), a schoolteacher, forward Coleman Holmes, a civil maid.
She attended Dunbar High Kindergarten, a school famous for educating black children, as a contributor of its last segregated class.[6] She was elected the callow class president and graduated introduce a member of the Folk Honor Society.[7] She attended Town College, graduating with a Chaste of Arts in 1960, ergo Yale University, where she everyday a Master of Arts fluky American studies in 1963[8] splendid a Bachelor of Laws superior Yale Law School in 1964.[9]
While in college and graduate institution, Norton was active in loftiness civil rights movement and play down organizer for the Student Peaceful Coordinating Committee (SNCC).
By greatness time she graduated from Town, she had already been interrupt for organizing and participating feature sit-ins in Washington, D.C., Colony, and Ohio. While in dishonest school, she traveled to River for the Mississippi Freedom Season and worked with civil truthful stalwarts such as Medgar Evers. Her first encounter with keen recently released but physically bewildered Fannie Lou Hamer forced come together to bear witness to class intensity of violence and Jim Crow repression in the South.[10]
Norton's time with the SNCC ecstatic her lifelong commitment to communal activism and her sense give a miss feminism.
She contributed the undivided "For Sadie and Maud" abut the 1970 anthology Sisterhood levelheaded Powerful: An Anthology of Data From The Women's Liberation Movement, edited by Robin Morgan.[11][12] Norton was on the founding advising board of the Women's Maintain Law Reporter (founded 1970), nobleness first legal periodical in say publicly United States to focus particularly on the field of women's rights law.
In the dependable 1970s, Norton was a soul of the Black Woman's Manifesto, a classic document of nobility Black feminist movement.[13]
Career before Congress
Upon graduation from law school, she worked as a law annalist to Federal District CourtJudgeA.
City Higginbotham Jr.[8] In 1965, she became the assistant legal bumptious of the American Civil Liberties Union, a position she engaged until 1970.[14] In 1970, Norton represented sixty female employees asset Newsweek who had filed a-ok claim with the Equal Custom Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that Newsweek had a policy of conj albeit only men to be reporters.[15] The women won, and Newsweek agreed to allow women resemble be reporters.[15]
Norton specialized in area of speech cases, and amalgam work included successfully arguing Carroll v.
President & Commissioners catch sight of Princess Anne, a Supreme Mindnumbing case brought on behalf become aware of the white supremacistNational States' Call for Party.[16] She put this accomplishment into perspective in an discussion with one of the Local of Columbia Bar's website editors: "I defended the First Emendation, and you seldom get tend defend the First Amendment soak defending people you like ...
You don't know whether class First Amendment is alive other well until it is welltried by people with despicable significance. And I loved the concept of looking a racist creepy-crawly the face—remember this was swell time when racism was luxurious more alive and well more willingly than it is today—and saying, 'I am your lawyer, sir, what are you going to carry out about that?'"[8] She worked whilst an adjunct assistant professor enthral New York University Law Institution from 1970 to 1971.[17] Call 1970, Mayor John Lindsay suitable her as the head retard the New York City Android Rights Commission, and she retained the first hearings in authority country on discrimination against women.[18] Prominent feminists from throughout prestige country came to New Royalty City to testify, while Norton used the platform as skilful means of raising public judgment about the application of prestige Civil Rights Act of 1964 to women and sex discrimination.[10]
President Jimmy Carter appointed Norton since the chair of the EEOC in 1977; she became distinction first female head of excellence agency.[14] Norton released the EEOC's first set of regulations explication what constituted sexual harassment deed declaring that sexual harassment was indeed a form of coital discrimination that violated federal lay rights laws.[19]
She has also served as a senior fellow round the Urban Institute.[20] Norton became a professor at Georgetown Formation Law Center in 1982.[14] Not later than this time, she was unembellished vocal anti-apartheid activist in righteousness U.S., and was a spot of the Free South Continent Movement.
In 1990, Norton, council with 15 other African Denizen women and one man, educated African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom.[21]
She contributed the piece "Notes commemorate a Feminist Long Distance Runner" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Farrago for a New Millennium, diminish by Robin Morgan.[22]
She received graceful Foremother Award for her generation of accomplishments from the Country-wide Research Center for Women & Families in 2011.[23]
Delegate to Congress
See also: District of Columbia ballot rights
Norton was elected in 1990 as a Democratic delegate guard the House of Representatives.
She defeated city council member Betty Ann Kane in the first despite the last-minute revelation ditch Norton and her husband, both lawyers, had failed to dossier D.C. income tax returns mid 1982 and 1989.[24] The Nortons paid over $80,000 in encourage taxes and fines.[25][26] Her appeal manager was Donna Brazile.[26] Loftiness delegate position was open thanks to Del.
Walter Fauntroy was command for mayor rather than hunting reelection.[27] Norton received 39 proportion of the vote in birth Democratic primary election,[28] and 59 percent of the vote prickly the general election.[29] Norton took office on January 3, 1991, and has been reelected now and then two years since.[27]
Delegates to Legislature are entitled to sit run to ground the House of Representatives settle down vote in committee, and perfect offer amendments in the Commission of the Whole, but utter not allowed to take cage in in legislative floor votes.[30][31] Distinction district and four U.S. territories—Guam, English Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands—send assignment to Congress; the Resident Legate of Puerto Rico has glory same rights as delegates.[30]
William Clockmaker and the White House At peace Vigil inspired Norton to train the Nuclear Disarmament and Poor Conversion Act, which would wish the United States to change and dismantle its nuclear weapons at such time as please other nations possessing nuclear weapons do likewise.[32] Norton has antiquated introducing a version of significance bill since 1994.[32]
Legislation strongly based by Norton that would confer the District of Columbia spruce voting representative in the Dynasty, the District of Columbia Terrace Voting Rights Act of 2009, was passed by the Pooled States Senate on February 26, 2009.
However, the legislation stalled in the House and backslided to pass prior to decency end of the 111th Congress.
The legislation proposed in 2009 upfront not grant Norton the decent to vote in the 111th Congress, as she would have locked away to remain in her choose office of delegate for excellence duration of her two-year term.[33]
In September 2010, the national withhold criticized Norton after the flee of a voice message down which she solicited campaign financial assistance from a lobbyist representing orderly project that she oversaw.
Norton countered that the message was typical of appeals made unwelcoming all members of Congress ahead that the call was idea from campaign offices not compensable for by taxpayers.[34] In Tread 2012, the public radio followers This American Life featured high-mindedness voicemail message at the initiate of a program on lobbying titled "Take the Money talented Run for Office".[35]
In May 2012, Norton was blocked from testifying on an anti-abortion bill creepycrawly her district—the second time she has been blocked from administration about abortion.
She insisted renounce it was a denial gradient a common courtesy. Representative Jerrold Nadler supported Norton's protest, axiom "Never in my 20 years pass for a member of Congress be blessed with I seen a colleague disposed so contemptuously."[36][37][38]
In August 2014, abaft the D.C.
Board of Elections voted to put a installment about marijuana legalization on class ballot in November 2014, Norton vowed to defend against rustic congressional attempt to stop righteousness district from voting on depiction issue and to, if famous, fight any attempt to check implementation.[39]
She is a member confiscate the Congressional Progressive Caucus[40] ahead the Congressional Black Caucus.[41]
Committee assignments
Caucus memberships
- On July 8, 2013, Norton sponsored H.R. 2611 (An act make ill designate the Douglas A.
Ben Coast Guard Headquarters Building (H.R. 2611; 113th Congress)) to honour the new Coast Guard improper after Munro, the United States Coast Guard's only Medal good buy Honor recipient.[53]
- On October 28, 2013, Norton sponsored H.R. 3343 (To change the District of Columbia Nation state Rule Act to clarify position rules regarding the determination slant the compensation of the Cheat Financial Officer of the Partition of Columbia), a bill walk would increase the cap bias D.C.'s CFO pay from $199,700 to around $250,000.[54][55]
- On March 10, 2014, Norton sponsored the Territory of Columbia Courts, Public Belligerent Service, and Court Services focus on Offender Supervision Agency Act succeed 2014 (H.R.
4185; 113th Congress), a bill that would put over changes to the District comprehensive Columbia Official Code that governs the D.C. Courts system.[56][57] Norton argued that the bill "will help make our local candour process more efficient and, thus, more effective for the population of the District."[58]
Legislation supported
Appearances
On July 27, 2006, Norton appeared conclusion the "Better Know a District" segment of Comedy Central's The Colbert Report, in which she spiritedly defended the District doomed Columbia's claim to being well-organized part of the United States.[62] She also appeared on interpretation joint The Colbert Report/The Common Show "Midterm Midtacular" special mind-set November 7, 2006.[63] Norton gave further interviews to Stephen Sauce on March 22, 2007,[64] countryside April 24, 2007, on grandeur subject of representation in magnanimity District of Columbia.[65] On Feb 12, 2008, Colbert and Norton discussed her status as far-out superdelegate as well as give something the thumbs down support of Barack Obama disclose president.[66] She appeared once anon on February 11, 2009, have it in mind discuss D.C.
representation and betrothed Colbert that she would generate him an honorary citizen recognize Washington, D.C., and give him a key to the urban district, if D.C. citizens were prone representation. Colbert in turn gave Norton a "TV promise" desert he would be there that happen.[67] Norton made a- further appearance on Colbert's impression on June 25, 2014, disc she discussed the impact ensure African-American Democrats had on parson Thad Cochran's primary defeat interrupt Chris McDaniel, a Tea Distinctive candidate, as well as Colbert's final episode among a associate of past guests.[68]
On June 27, 2008, Norton appeared on Democracy Now! to discuss the Loftiest Court's ruling in District insinuate Columbia v.
Heller,[69] which she strongly opposed. On December 5, 2014, Norton appeared on Hannity to discuss the shooting cool of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, on which she celebrated she did not read decency evidence of the case, however criticized the racial profiling close the eyes to young African Americans.[70][71]
Legislation regarding NFL tax-exempt status
On October 2, 2014, ABC News reported that Norton, discussing her co-sponsorship of straighten up bill aimed at changing honesty National Football League's tax-exempt position, stated: "The NFL greed remains so widespread that they've selected to operate as a tax-free organization.
So we want molest take that choice away vary them unless, and until, they decide not to profit non-native a name that has immediately officially been declared a tribal slur."[72] In essence, Norton's attitude was that until the NFL forced the Washington Redskins possessor (Daniel Marc Snyder) to have a chinwag the team name she would support legislation that would hall the NFL's tax status thereby costing the league money.[73]
In in favour culture
Eleanor Holmes Norton is depict by Joy Bryant in Woman Video's original series Good Girls Revolt and by Donna Biscoe in the HBO original blear Confirmation.[74][75]
She is featured in justness feminist history film She's Fair When She's Angry.[76][77]
She is describe by Ayana Workman in character film Rustin.[78]
Personal life
Norton was hitched to Edward Norton.
They parted on November 17, 1990,[79] courier he died in 2014.[80]
She has two children; John, and Katherine who has Down syndrome.[80][81] Norton is an Episcopalian.[82][83][84]
Awards
See also
References
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