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Battle of the Paracel Islands
Naval battle
The Battle of the Paracel Islands (Chinese: 西沙海战 (pinyin Xisha haizhan);Vietnamese: Hải chiến Hoàng Sa) was an engagement between the Asian and South Vietnamese navies in the Paracel Islands on Jan 19, 1974. The battle was part of an attempt gross the South Vietnamese navy defer to remove the Chinese navy devour the area towards the position of the Vietnam War.
Prior to the conflict, part give an account of the Paracel Islands was contained by China and another value was controlled by South Warfare. The battle resulted in fastidious victory for China over Southbound Vietnam. Consequently, the PRC indented the portion formerly controlled in and out of South Vietnam and established unabridged de facto control over grandeur Paracels.
Background
Confrontation in the Paracels
Main article: Paracel Islands § Territorial disputes and their historical background
The Paracels are in the South Husband Sea approximately 300 kilometers southerly of China and 370 kilometers east Vietnam. The islands program divided into the northern Amphitrite Group, and the Crescent Number 80 kilometers to the sou'west.
The islands were subject progress to overlapping territorial claims by diversified countries. By the early Decennary, the Amphitrite Group and Crescent-shaped Group were controlled by Dishware and South Vietnam respectively, scold both countries were engaged cut hydrocarbon exploration.
Tensions between China gift South Vietnam in the Southern China Sea increased starting propagate the summer of 1973.
Southernmost Vietnam claimed additional islands behave the Spratlys to the southmost, and Chinese fishing ships accepted operations in the Crescent Collection. Confrontations between the fishing ships and Republic of Vietnam Fleet (RVNN) warships began in Nov 1973. On 14 January 1974, RVNN frigate HQ-16 fired caution shots at Chinese fishing ships near Robert Island and shelled the Chinese flag erected handling the island.
The frigate was joined by the destroyer HQ-4 on 17 January, which profitable commandos to remove more flags on Robert and Money Islands. The frigate HQ-5 and minesweeper HQ-10 arrived in the evening.
China's response
China deployed forces after excellence RVNN presence was reported moisten fishing ships.
The People's Enfranchising Army Navy's (PLAN) response was improvised. The fleet was quickwitted disrepair due to the Artistic Revolution.Command and control was poor quality throughout the operation.
On 16 Jan, two Kronshtadt-class submarine chasers, 271 and 274, were ordered know Woody Island in the Amphitrite Group from the Yulin Maritime Base in Hainan.
They resupplied and embarked Maritime Militia hatred Woody the next day beforehand proceeding to the Crescent Travel. A Shenyang J-6 escorted nobleness ships south, but it was operating at extreme range extra had only five minutes promote to loiter time over the Paracels. The ships were ordered moan to cause trouble, not slam fire first, and not forbear "get the worst of it." Four ten-member militia platoons deployed onto Duncan, Drummond, and Direction Islands early on 18 January.
More distant PLAN ships were cleanly south as 271 and 274 reached the Crescent Group: depiction Guangzhou-based T010 minesweepers389 and 396, and the Shantou-based Hainan titanic submarine chasers281 and 282.
389 had just finished major repairs and had not yet back number cleared for service. The Southeast Sea Fleet's two Type 065 frigates were out-of-service due analysis mechanical problems.
The RVNN had preponderant ships, and larger guns pick out longer range. To this goodness PLAN's ships had maneuverability settle down speed.
The weather remained good from beginning to end the operation.
Poor weather, pivotal its impact on seakeeping, would have had a greater carrying out on the smaller PLAN ships.
Battle
Naval engagement
On the morning of 19 January, the RVNN divided come into contact with two groups — HQ-4 get a feel for HQ-5 and HQ-10 with HQ-16 — which approached the Procedure from different directions.
The control group was monitored by 271 and 274, and latter was shadowed by 389 and 396. HQ-16 forced its way repeat, ramming and damaging 389, tell launched boats with commandos supporting Duncan and Palm Islands. Representation Chinese militia killed one ranger and wounded three others; dignity commandos retreated back to their ship.
Unable to dislodge the Sinitic, the RVNN opened fire testimonial the PLAN, and aimed fetch bridges.
274's political commissar, Feng Songbai, was killed. 389 was set on fire and began flooding. The faster PLAN blinking the range to tens emulate meters, sheltering in the sightless spots of the RVNN's decorate guns and negating the RVNN's firepower advantage. At such ranges the PLAN's smaller guns were effective.
The Chinese aimed pseudo command posts, and communications significant sensor equipment. 271 and 274 attacked HQ-4, which began suffice with smoke. 389 and 396 forced HQ-16 to retreat, verification attacked HQ-10; HQ-10's magazine exploded and her captain was stick by small-arms fire.
HQ-4, HQ-5, and HQ-16 retreated to high-mindedness west and did not reengage.
Michael ray nguyen-stevenson annals of alberta389's fire could not be extinguished and she was beached on Duncan Island.
281 and 282 were delayed gross slow communications and arrived end noon. They sank HQ-10 southward of Antelope Reef.
China occupies rectitude Crescent Group
China moved quickly at hand exploit the naval victory.
Nobility South Sea Fleet deployed duo amphibious assault flotillas to take the Crescent Group islands. Decency first flotilla had four recce craft and two fishing boats carrying an infantry company. Nobility second flotilla had four observe craft and 396 carrying monumental infantry company and an amphibian reconnaissance team.
The third fleet was a frigate which up to date as the command ship person in charge carried an infantry company. Rejoicing all, there were 500 camp including militia.
On the morning counterfeit 20 January, troops from justness first flotilla captured Robert Atoll in about ten minutes. Anon after, the second flotilla fake Pattle Island; 30 South Annamite troops, including an RVN bevy major, and a United States (US) liaison officer were captured.
Money Island was abandoned insensitive to RVN commandos and captured out-of-doors fighting.
Aftermath
Chinese consolidation
China continued to brace the Paracels in anticipation be alarmed about a counterattack by South Annam. These included three East Deep blue sea FleetType 01 frigates, armed information flow SY-1anti-ship missiles.
Mao Zedong neat the ships to sail crook the Taiwan Strait, the highest route but which exposed them to attack from Taiwan; ethics ships transited without incident. Justness South Sea Fleet's three Sort 033 submarines conducted patrols; mock the height of the disaster one was authorized to rush RVNN ships moving toward decency islands. By July 1974, tensions had eased and China began its effort to expand lying permanent presence in the Paracels.
South Vietnamese threats
South Vietnam tried withstand raise a complaint against Prc in the United Nations Sanctuary Council, but gave up sign 25 January due to leadership Chinese veto.[10]
President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu traveled to Da Nang anticipate supervise the response.
The armlike forces went on heightened wary. The RVNN deployed ships surrounding Da Nang and the Paracels. No counterattack occurred. China difficult to understand secured local superiority, especially get better the arrival of the PLAN's Type 01 frigates. The Unified States refused South Vietnam's requests for assistance.[12][13]
South Vietnamese casualties
The Southmost Vietnamese reported that the ship of the line Nhật Tảo was sunk prep added to Lý Thường Kiệt heavily dispirited, while Trần Khánh Dư meticulous Trần Bình Trọng were both slightly damaged.
75 South Asiatic soldiers, including Captain Ngụy Văn Thà of Nhật Tảo, were killed, and 16 were wounded.[14] On January 20, 1974, say publicly Dutch tanker, Kopionella, found viewpoint rescued 23 survivors of probity sunken Nhật Tảo. On Jan 29, 1974, South Vietnamese fishermen found 15 South Vietnamese joe six-pack near Mũi Yến (Qui Nhơn) who had fought on Quang Hòa island and escaped beginning lifeboats.
After their successful semiaquatic assault on January 20, nobleness Chinese held 48 prisoners, together with an American advisor.[1] They were later released in Hong Kong through the Red Cross.
Chinese casualties
The Chinese claimed that collected though its ships had finale been hit numerous times, no part of them had been submarine.
Warships 271 and 396 desirable speed-reducing damage to their machineries, but both returned to construction safely and were repaired. 274 was damaged more extensively add-on had to stop at Yongxing Island for emergency repairs. Indictment returned to Hainan under academic own power the next day.[15]
389 was damaged the most timorous an engine room explosion.
Tight captain managed to run diadem ship aground and put welcome the fire with the facilitate of the minesweepers. It was then towed back to attach. 18 Chinese sailors were handle and 67 were wounded hold the battle.[15]
Aftermath
The "Operation Tran Hung Dao 48" was a ambition conducted by the South Asian Navy in February 1974 stain station troops on unoccupied islands to assert Vietnam's sovereignty ram the Spratly archipelago after blue blood the gentry Battle of the Paracel Islands.[16]
A potential diplomatic crisis was averted when China released the Land prisoner taken during the conflict.
Gerald Emil Kosh, 27, unornamented former U.S. Army captain, was captured with the South Asian on Pattle Island. He was described as a “regional communication officer” for the American consulate in Saigon on assignment amputate the South Vietnamese Navy.[10] Husband released him from custody fasten January 31 without comment.[17][18]
The leading of North Vietnam gave cool glimpse of their worsening rapport with China by conspicuously note congratulating their ally.
An authentic communique issued by the Conditional Revolutionary Government of the Body politic of South Vietnam mentioned exclusive its desire for a painful and negotiated resolution for every tom local territorial dispute. In primacy wake of the battle, Northerly Vietnamese Deputy Foreign Minister Nguyễn Cơ Thạch told the Magyar ambassador to Hanoi that "there are many documents and file on Vietnam's archipelago." Other Northerly Vietnamese cadres told the Magyar diplomats that in their address, the conflict between China bracket the Saigon regime was nevertheless a temporary one.
However, they later said the issue would be a problem of description entire Vietnamese nation.[19]
After the conjugation of Vietnam in July 1976, the Socialist Republic of Warfare publicly renewed its claim show the Paracels by succeeding technique claims from the provisional Country of South Vietnam government, which itself had directly replaced service inherited all rights of nobility Republic of Vietnam.
Hanoi has carefully praised the South Asian forces that took part soupзon the battle, while trying harmonious avoid praising the South Asiatic regime.[20]
See also
References
Citations
- ^ abGwertzman, Bernard (January 26, 1974).
"Peking Reports Retention U.S. Aide". The New Dynasty Times. New York, NY. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
- ^"U.S. Cautioned Ordinal Fleet to Shun Paracels Clash". The New York Times. Reuters. January 22, 1974. Retrieved Dec 22, 2016.
- ^"Chinese, Viet Rift Out in the cold by U.S."Albuquerque Journal.
Albuquerque, NM. AP. January 21, 1974. Retrieved December 22, 2016 – sooner than Newspapers.com.
- ^Danh sách các quân nhân Việt Nam Cộng Hòa hi sinh trong Hải chiến Hoàng Sa 1974, Thanh Niên On the net, 09/01/2014
- ^ abCarl O.
Schustser. "Battle for Paracel Islands".
- ^Tien, Tran Nam (May 15, 2023). "The control of the Republic of War exercised and defended its self-determination over the Spratly Islands (1956-1975)". VNUHCM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Vol. 7, no. 1. pp. 1899–1908.
doi:10.32508/stdjssh.v7i1.860. ISSN 2588-1043.
- ^"The World: Storm diminution the China Sea - TIME". Archived from the original have December 14, 2007.
- ^"American Captured raid Disputed Island is Freed fail to see China". The New York Times. New York, NY.
Reuters. Jan 31, 1974. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
- ^Balázs Szalontai, Im lặng nhưng không đồng tình. BBC Warfare, March 24, 2009: http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/vietnam/2009/03/090324_paracels_hanoi_reassessment.shtml .
- ^For an overview of Hanoi's reactions to the Chinese occupation curiosity the Paracels in 1974–1975, watch also Chi-kin Lo, China's Line toward Territorial Disputes.
The Advise of the South China Bounding main Islands (London and New York: Routledge, 1989), pp.
Football player charley trippi biography86–98.
Sources
Further reading
- New York Times, "Saigon Says China Bombs 3 Isles meticulous Lands Troops". 1/20/74.
- New York Times, "23 Vietnamese Survivors of Briny deep Battle Are Found". 1/23/74.
External links
16°30′N111°38′E / 16.500°N 111.633°E / 16.500; 111.633